2017-2023

World's most polluted cities

Most polluted city ranking based on annual average PM2.5 concentration (μg/m³)

2023

World Air Quality Report

NEWSROOM
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PM2.5 legend

0-5

Meets WHO guideline

5.1-10

Exceeds by 1 to 2 times

10.1-15

Exceeds by 2 to 3 times

15.1-25

Exceeds by 3 to 5 times

25.1-35

Exceeds by 5 to 7 times

35.1-50

Exceeds by 7 to 10 times

>50.1

Exceeds by over 10 times

Rank
City
2023 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017
1 Netherlands
Waalwijk, Netherlands
14.6 15.5 22.2 11.4 16.9 15.6 12.2 8.1 9.6 15.2 14.5 15 19.5 13.2 14.1 12.1 11.8 14.3 --
2 Netherlands
The Hague, Netherlands
13.8 12.4 26.7 11.1 13.9 14 14.6 13.1 10.7 16.8 12.9 9.2 11.3 7.3 -- -- -- -- --
3 Netherlands
Oirschot, Netherlands
12.6 15.1 20.4 10.5 16.1 14.4 14.2 7.7 9.3 13.9 8.3 6.8 27.4 16.5 -- -- -- -- --
4 Netherlands
Mijnsheerenland, Netherlands
12.4 13.7 21.4 10.1 13.5 -- -- 6.2 7.5 13.6 10.4 8.9 14.1 12.9 14.4 -- -- -- --
5 Netherlands
Rijkevoort, Netherlands
11.6 13.9 19.9 9.4 13.9 13 12.8 8.3 10 14 8.2 6.8 9.5 -- -- -- -- -- --
6 Netherlands
Capelle aan den IJssel, Netherlands
11.6 13.7 20.4 10.8 14 13.2 9.8 5.6 6.2 12.2 10 8 13.2 12.7 13.4 11.3 -- -- --
7 Netherlands
Apeldoorn, Netherlands
11.5 10.9 16 9.6 11.6 11.7 13.3 9 8.9 15.7 12 8.5 10.9 -- -- -- -- -- --
8 Netherlands
Sas van Gent, Netherlands
11.3 14.9 19.1 10.9 16.3 13.7 13.3 6.2 7.4 12.4 7.7 6.6 8.6 -- -- -- -- -- --
9 Netherlands
Groenlo, Netherlands
11.2 12.7 19.6 9.3 14.8 13.3 13 8.5 9.1 13.3 7.7 5.3 8 -- -- -- -- -- --
10 Netherlands
Maarn, Netherlands
11.1 12.2 17.1 13.1 12.7 11.9 10.8 5.2 6.6 11.7 8.1 6.1 7.3 -- -- -- -- -- --
11 Netherlands
Culemborg, Netherlands
10.9 13.1 17.9 10.6 12.1 11.5 11.5 7 7.9 14.7 9.2 6.7 9.3 -- -- -- -- -- --
12 Netherlands
Muiden, Netherlands
10.9 9.9 13.2 9.1 10.8 12 12 8.8 9.3 16.1 11.6 8.3 10.6 16.4 -- -- -- -- --
13 Netherlands
Oss, Netherlands
10.8 10.4 13.8 8.6 10.8 11.5 12.4 9.1 9.2 15 11 8.2 10.5 21.8 -- -- -- -- --
14 Netherlands
Roosendaal, Netherlands
10.7 13.9 18.6 10.5 14.7 13.1 11.5 5.5 6.3 12.4 7.1 5.4 8.9 14.8 17.4 -- -- -- --
15 Netherlands
Berkel en Rodenrijs, Netherlands
10.5 9.3 13.1 9.2 11.7 12 12.1 8.1 8.1 17.9 10.5 7.8 9.7 13.5 -- -- -- -- --
16 Netherlands
Sneek, Netherlands
10.4 11.9 12.9 8.5 10.4 12.1 12.3 7.4 8.6 13.8 11.1 7.2 9.5 -- -- -- -- -- --
17 Netherlands
Velsen-Noord, Netherlands
10 10.4 15.8 8.6 9.6 9.5 8.2 7.4 5.5 11.2 9.9 10.9 13.6 -- -- -- -- -- --
18 Netherlands
Veldhoven, Netherlands
9.9 14.9 16.6 8.7 10.9 9.2 10.5 6.5 6.9 9 6.5 9.1 10.3 14.1 12.5 10.6 12.3 12.8 11.2
19 Netherlands
Opmeer, Netherlands
9.9 -- -- -- 10.3 10.8 11.9 7.4 7.8 15 10.1 6.8 9 -- -- -- -- -- --
20 Netherlands
Wijk aan Zee, Netherlands
9.9 10.9 15.2 10.6 10.7 8.9 9.2 6.6 5.9 11.4 9 8.9 12 12 11.1 11.8 12.5 -- --
21 Netherlands
Vught, Netherlands
9.8 -- -- 5.6 10.9 11.1 10.7 7.1 7.6 13 10.3 8.2 10.5 -- -- -- -- -- --
22 Netherlands
Valthermond, Netherlands
9.7 7.1 15.3 6.6 11.4 9.4 11.2 6.6 7.3 11.1 9.5 7.2 14 9.5 7.8 -- -- -- --
23 Netherlands
Sluiskil, Netherlands
9.7 10.6 15.4 7.4 11.8 11.1 11.5 5.7 6 10.9 9.2 7.3 10.3 12 12.1 -- -- -- --
24 Netherlands
Geleen, Netherlands
9.5 10.4 14.4 8.6 10.3 13 13.7 8 7 6.6 5.9 6.4 8 10.9 10.5 8.3 -- -- --
25 Netherlands
Utrecht City, Netherlands
9.5 10.3 14 9 11.2 9.1 9.8 9.6 9.7 9.5 8.4 7.3 7.4 -- -- -- -- -- --
26 Netherlands
's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
9.4 10.5 15.1 8.4 12 11.3 11.7 5.7 6.4 10.9 6.5 5.1 9.4 -- -- -- -- -- --
27 Netherlands
Amersfoort, Netherlands
9.4 8.8 13.2 7.6 9.7 10.6 10.5 6.4 7.2 13.7 9.5 7 8.5 6.2 -- -- -- -- --
28 Netherlands
Arnhem, Netherlands
9.3 8.4 17.3 7.7 10.3 10.9 10.3 6.2 6.8 9.2 7.6 7.6 10.3 -- -- -- -- -- --
29 Netherlands
Heeze, Netherlands
9.3 -- -- 7.1 10.6 11.2 12 6.8 7.9 11.4 9.4 7.3 8.5 -- -- -- -- -- --
30 Netherlands
Biest-Houtakker, Netherlands
9.2 11.1 15.5 7.8 9.3 10.2 9.3 5 4.6 8.7 8.2 8.8 11.1 12.1 11 10.5 11.6 12.5 10.4
31 Netherlands
Hoofddorp, Netherlands
9.2 8.5 17.6 9.4 8.5 9.8 8.5 6.1 6.6 13.5 9.8 7 9 10.6 10 -- -- -- --
32 Netherlands
Lopik, Netherlands
9.2 8.2 11.9 6.6 9.4 8.3 10.2 8.8 8.3 10.7 8.6 9.2 10.5 -- -- -- -- -- --
33 Netherlands
Amsterdam, Netherlands
9.1 8.7 13.8 8 10.3 10 8.9 6.1 6.5 11.5 8.4 7.5 10.3 10.1 10.3 9.9 10.7 11.5 12.2
34 Netherlands
Zaandam, Netherlands
9.1 8.5 12.4 8.8 11.8 11 10.1 5.8 6 11.5 7.7 6 9.7 9.6 12 11.3 13.3 11.4 11.7
35 Netherlands
Hoek van Holland, Netherlands
9.1 9.4 15.6 7.9 10.7 10.7 9.2 5.4 5.2 11.4 8.3 6.2 9.8 -- -- -- -- -- --
36 Netherlands
IJmuiden, Netherlands
9 10.5 16 9.6 10.2 10 6.9 4.7 4.7 10.4 8.1 7.5 10.2 10.1 9.1 8.7 9.8 9.8 8.1
37 Netherlands
Winterswijk, Netherlands
8.8 13.1 18.3 7.8 10.7 8.3 7 3.8 4.8 7.4 7 7 11.1 13.3 14.9 -- -- -- --
38 Netherlands
Ossendrecht, Netherlands
8.8 11.5 15.6 6.8 9.6 10.5 8.3 5.6 5.4 8.3 7.3 7.5 9.9 11 10.7 -- -- -- --
39 Netherlands
Badhoevedorp, Netherlands
8.8 9.9 15.1 8 9.1 9.3 8.4 6.2 5.4 10.5 7.5 6.6 10 10.2 10.1 10.7 11.2 -- --
40 Netherlands
Rotterdam, Netherlands
8.8 9.8 15.3 7.5 10.1 9.9 8.6 5.4 5.4 11 7.6 6.3 9.6 10.7 9.9 9.5 11.2 12.1 11.2
41 Netherlands
Nieuwer-Ter-Aa, Netherlands
8.8 9 13.3 6.8 8.1 7 4.9 3.1 6.6 11.1 9.2 9.3 13.8 -- -- -- -- -- --
42 Netherlands
Eindhoven, Netherlands
8.7 10.5 14.7 6.6 10.8 9.5 9.2 5.8 7 11 6.4 5 8.4 13 15.7 13.3 -- -- --
43 Netherlands
Ridderkerk, Netherlands
8.7 9.4 14.9 7.4 10.1 10 8.7 5 5.3 10.4 7.7 6.2 9.7 10.4 10.4 10 11 12.7 13
44 Netherlands
Schiedam, Netherlands
8.7 9.5 15.6 7.7 10.2 10.2 8.7 5.1 4.9 10.4 7.5 6.1 9.7 10.9 10.8 10.6 11.1 12.3 12.5
45 Netherlands
Nieuwersluis, Netherlands
8.7 8.8 13.5 6.8 8.1 6.8 5 3.1 6.5 11.1 9.1 9.3 13.8 -- -- -- -- -- --
46 Netherlands
Breda, Netherlands
8.6 9.8 14.6 7.3 9.3 9.1 7.9 5.4 5.1 9.6 7.8 7.5 10.2 11.4 10.5 9.1 11.5 14.1 11.6
47 Netherlands
Beverwijk, Netherlands
8.6 9.9 14.6 8.1 10 9.1 7.6 7 4.5 9.1 6.7 7.4 10.5 10.8 9.9 10.2 10.9 -- --
48 Netherlands
Hoogvliet, Netherlands
8.6 9.1 14.7 7.3 10.3 10.1 8.6 5.1 5.1 10.1 7.5 6 9.5 10 9.8 -- -- -- --
49 Netherlands
Nijmegen, Netherlands
8.4 9.7 13.7 7 8.5 9.9 9 5.7 4.9 7.7 7.6 7.6 9.5 10.9 11.5 10 11.1 11.9 11
50 Netherlands
Westzaan, Netherlands
8.4 9.6 14.9 7.4 9.5 9.9 8.5 5 4.7 10.8 7 5.4 8.8 -- -- -- -- -- --

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